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Chess (the "Game of Kings") is a
board game for two players, which requires 32 chesspieces (or
chessmen) and a board demarcated by 64
squares. Gameplay does not involve
random luck;
consisting solely of
strategy, (see also
tactics, and
theory). Chess is one of
humanity's more
popular games; it is has been described not only as a game, but also as both
art
and
science. Chess is sometimes seen as an
abstract
wargame; as a "mental
martial art".
The number of legal positions in chess is estimated to be between 1043
and 1050, and the
game-tree complexity approximately 10123, while
there are 0 (=(stale)mate) to 218 possibilities per move. Chess is played both
recreationally and competitively in
clubs, tournaments, on-line, and
by mail (correspondence
chess).
Many variants and relatives of chess are played throughout the world; amongst
them, the most popular are
Xiangqi (China),
Buddhi Chal (Nepal) and
Shogi (Japan), all of which come from the same historical stem as chess.
Chess originated from the
Indian game
Chaturanga, about
1400 years ago. However many countries make claims to have invented it. It
reached
Russia via
Mongolia, where it was played at the beginning of the
7th century. From India it migrated to
Persia, and spread throughout the
Islamic world after the Muslim conquest of Persia. It was introduced into
Spain by the Moors in the
10th century, where a famous games manuscript covering chess,
backgammon, and
dice
named the
Libro de los juegos, was written under the sponsorship of
Alfonso X of Castile during the
13th century. Chess reached
England in the
11th century, and evolved through various versions such as Courier.
By the end of the
15th century, the modern rules for the basic moves had been adopted (from
Italy): pawns gained the option of moving two squares on their first move and
the en passant capture therewith; bishops could move arbitrarily far along an
open diagonal (previously being limited to a move of exactly two squares
diagonally) while losing the ability to jump over the intervening square, and
the queen was allowed to move arbitrarily far in any direction, making it the
most powerful piece. (Before, she could only move one square diagonally.) There
were still variations in rules for
castling and the outcome in the case of
stalemate.
These changes collectively helped make chess more open to analysis and
thereby develop a more devoted following. The game in Europe since that time has
been almost the same as is played today. The current rules were finalized in the
early
19th century, except for the exact conditions for a draw.
The most popular piece design, the "Staunton" set, was created by
Nathaniel Cook in
1849,
endorsed by a leading player of the time
Howard Staunton, and officially adopted by
FIDE
in
1924.
Staunton styled himself the first
World Champion of Chess in the
1850s; however he avoided matches against the strongest competitors of his
day, most notably
American genius
Paul Morphy. The first player to stake a widely recognized claim to being
World Champion was
Wilhelm Steinitz in
1866.
The title "Grandmaster"
was created by
Russian Tsar Nicholas II who first awarded it in
1914
to five players after a tournament he had funded in
Saint Petersburg.
The World Chess Federation (FIDE) was founded in
1924.
When the reigning World Champion
Alexandre Alekhine died in
1946,
FIDE took over the function of organizing World Championship matches. Before
that time, sitting champions had been somewhat capricious in determining against
whom and on what terms they would accept a challenge match. FIDE also assumed
the role of awarding the titles Grandmaster and International Master, as well as
eventually assigning
numerical ratings to players.
In
1993, in the middle of a cycle of matches to determine the World Champion,
Garry Kasparov and
Nigel Short broke with FIDE to organize their own match for the title. They
complained of corruption and a lack of professionalism within FIDE, and formed a
competing
Professional Chess Association. Since then there have been two simultaneous
World Champions and World Championships: one extending the Steinitzian lineage
in which the current champion plays a challenger in match format (a series of
many games); the other following FIDE's new format of a tennis-style
elimination--or "Knockout"--tournament with dozens of players competing.
Once considered only a curiosity,
computer chess programs have risen in ability to the point where they can
seriously challenge human grandmasters.
Kasparov, then ranked number one in the world, played a six-game match
against
IBM's chess computer
Deep Blue in
1996.
Deep Blue shocked the world by winning the first game in
Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1, but Kasparov convincingly won the match
by winning 3 games and drawing 2. The six-game rematch in
1997
was won by the machine which was subsequently retired by IBM. In October,
2002,
Vladimir Kramnik drew in an eight-game match with the computer program
Deep Fritz. In
2003,
Garry Kasparov drew both a six-game match with the computer program
Deep Junior in February, and a four-game match against
X3D Fritz in November.
In May 2002, several leaders in the chess world met in
Prague and signed a unity agreement which intended to ensure the crowning of
an undisputed world champion before the end of
2003,
and restore the traditional cycle of qualifying matches by
2005.
The semifinalists for the 2003 championship were to be
Ruslan Ponomariov vs.
Gary Kasparov, and
Vladimir Kramnik vs.
Peter Leko. The former match, organised by FIDE, had been scheduled to take
place in
Yalta beginning on September 18, 2003, but was called off on August 29 after
Ponomariov refused to sign his contract for it. There is a proposal that
Kasparov will instead play a match in 2004 against the winner of the next FIDE
knock-out world championship. The Kramnik-Leko match was originally to be held
in
Budapest, but funding collapsed and it was called off. As of December 2003,
there are no reported plans for the match, and it is not clear whether it will
ever go ahead.
At one time, chess games were recorded using
Descriptive chess notation, a somewhat clumsy notation that takes more
space, more time to say, and more time to explain than its replacement,
algebraic chess notation.
Portable Game Notation (PGN) is the most common standard
computer-processable format for recording chess games, and is based on algebraic
chess notation.
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A typical Staunton-design set and clock